Linux From Scratch

Version 12.3

状态：正在进行

2. Preparing the Host System

2.2 Host System Requirements

Host系统：Ubuntu 24.04.2 LTS

使用教程提供的脚本检查了下依赖包，发现有些依赖未装上

使用apt安装以下包

sudo apt install build-essential
sudo apt install bison
sudo apt install gawk
sudo apt install texinfo

检查脚本发现sh不是指向bash，当前指向的是dash

1	lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 4 Mar 31 2024 /bin/sh -> dash*

使用ln命令修改指向

1	sudo ln -sf /bin/bash /bin/sh

安装完依赖后效果如下

2.3. Building LFS in Stages

先Mark住，重启系统后要恢复的操作

2.4 Creating a New Partition

VirtualBox创建硬盘

LFS教程指示需要创建一个分区，当前Host系统是运行在VirtualBox上，因此这里创建一个新的硬盘用于新分区创建

在设置存储中创建新的硬盘，然后注册进来

硬盘大小设置为30GB（LFS教程建议）

创建分区

列出系统已识别的硬盘

luowanqian@LFS:~$ lsblk
NAME   MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINTS
loop0    7:0    0 73.9M  1 loop /snap/core22/1748
loop1    7:1    0    4K  1 loop /snap/bare/5
loop2    7:2    0 11.1M  1 loop /snap/firmware-updater/167
loop3    7:3    0  516M  1 loop /snap/gnome-42-2204/202
loop4    7:4    0  258M  1 loop /snap/firefox/5751
loop5    7:5    0 91.7M  1 loop /snap/gtk-common-themes/1535
loop6    7:6    0 10.8M  1 loop /snap/snap-store/1248
loop7    7:7    0 44.4M  1 loop /snap/snapd/23771
loop8    7:8    0 44.4M  1 loop /snap/snapd/23545
loop9    7:9    0  568K  1 loop /snap/snapd-desktop-integration/253
sda      8:0    0   50G  0 disk
├─sda1   8:1    0    1M  0 part
└─sda2   8:2    0   50G  0 part /
sdb      8:16   0   30G  0 disk
sr0     11:0    1 1024M  0 rom

fdisk查看硬盘/dev/sdb信息，当前空间大小为30GB

luowanqian@LFS:~$ sudo fdisk -l /dev/sdb
Disk /dev/sdb: 30 GiB, 32212254720 bytes, 62914560 sectors
Disk model: VBOX HARDDISK
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

创建分区，当前只创建一个分区

luowanqian@LFS:~$ sudo fdisk /dev/sdb

Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.39.3).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.

Device does not contain a recognized partition table.
Created a new DOS (MBR) disklabel with disk identifier 0x4dd1e2d5.

Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 30 GiB, 32212254720 bytes, 62914560 sectors
Disk model: VBOX HARDDISK
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x4dd1e2d5

Command (m for help): q

luowanqian@LFS:~$
luowanqian@LFS:~$
luowanqian@LFS:~$ sudo fdisk /dev/sdb

Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.39.3).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.

Device does not contain a recognized partition table.
Created a new DOS (MBR) disklabel with disk identifier 0x7fdee095.

Command (m for help): g
Created a new GPT disklabel (GUID: 44B24C46-37DF-4C7C-9C00-ACD7C1FED25F).

Command (m for help): n
Partition number (1-128, default 1):
First sector (2048-62914526, default 2048):
Last sector, +/-sectors or +/-size{K,M,G,T,P} (2048-62914526, default 62912511):

Created a new partition 1 of type 'Linux filesystem' and of size 30 GiB.

Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 30 GiB, 32212254720 bytes, 62914560 sectors
Disk model: VBOX HARDDISK
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: gpt
Disk identifier: 44B24C46-37DF-4C7C-9C00-ACD7C1FED25F

Device     Start      End  Sectors Size Type
/dev/sdb1   2048 62912511 62910464  30G Linux filesystem

Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered.
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.

查看/dev/sdb的分区情况，可以看到已有一个分区

luowanqian@LFS:~$ sudo fdisk -l /dev/sdb
Disk /dev/sdb: 30 GiB, 32212254720 bytes, 62914560 sectors
Disk model: VBOX HARDDISK
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: gpt
Disk identifier: 44B24C46-37DF-4C7C-9C00-ACD7C1FED25F

Device     Start      End  Sectors Size Type
/dev/sdb1   2048 62912511 62910464  30G Linux filesystem

2.5 Creating a File System on the Partition

在新分区/dev/sdb1上创建文件系统ext4

luowanqian@LFS:~/Documents/Code/LFS$ sudo mkfs -v -t ext4 /dev/sdb1
mke2fs 1.47.0 (5-Feb-2023)
fs_types for mke2fs.conf resolution: 'ext4'
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
1966080 inodes, 7863808 blocks
393190 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=2155872256
240 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
8192 inodes per group
Filesystem UUID: e24fc955-4016-4b3c-9ef3-712469fb2434
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
        32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208,
        4096000

Allocating group tables: done
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (32768 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

2.6 Setting the $LFS Variable and the Umask

为了系统重启后能够设置$LFS环境变量和umask，需要写入.bash_profile和.bashrc配置文件，按照教程说法，需要设置当前登录用户和root的配置文件

配置登录用户的bash

touch ~/.bash_profile

cat >> ~/.bash_profile << "EOF"
export LFS=/mnt/lfs
umask 022
EOF

cat >> ~/.bashrc << "EOF"

if [ -f ~/.bash_profile ]; then
    . ~/.bash_profile
fi
EOF

source ~/.bashrc

配置root用户的bash

sudo touch /root/.bash_profile

sudo bash -c 'cat >> /root/.bash_profile << "EOF"
export LFS=/mnt/lfs
umask 022
EOF'

sudo bash -c 'cat >> /root/.bashrc << "EOF"

if [ -f /root/.bash_profile ]; then
    . /root/.bash_profile
fi
EOF'

备注：使用sudo cat写入root配置文件需要用bash -c，参考 sudo cat << EOF > File doesn’t work, sudo su does 做法

2.7 Mounting the New Partition

为了重启后能自动挂载，在/etc/fstab文件中新增一行，启动时自动挂载文件系统/dev/sdb1到目录/mnt/lfs

luowanqian@LFS:~/Documents/Code/LFS$ cat /etc/fstab
# /etc/fstab: static file system information.
#
# Use 'blkid' to print the universally unique identifier for a
# device; this may be used with UUID= as a more robust way to name devices
# that works even if disks are added and removed. See fstab(5).
#
# <file system> <mount point>   <type>  <options>       <dump>  <pass>
# / was on /dev/sda2 during curtin installation
/dev/sdb1  /mnt/lfs ext4   defaults      1     1

挂载成功后，使用df查看挂载（见最后一行输出）

luowanqian@LFS:~/Documents/Code/LFS$ df -h
Filesystem      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
tmpfs           776M  1.4M  774M   1% /run
/dev/sda2        49G  6.1G   41G  14% /
tmpfs           3.8G     0  3.8G   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs           5.0M  8.0K  5.0M   1% /run/lock
tmpfs           776M   96K  775M   1% /run/user/120
tmpfs           776M  104K  775M   1% /run/user/1000
/dev/sdb1        30G   24K   28G   1% /mnt/lfs

3. Packages and Patches

3.1 Introduction

本节内容主要是说明软件包下载事项：

下载教程中指定版本的软件包
下载release tar包而不是Git的snapshot

准备工作

创建工作目录$LFS/sources，修改目录权限

luowanqian@LFS:~$ sudo mkdir -v $LFS/sources
mkdir: created directory '/mnt/lfs/sources'
luowanqian@LFS:~$ sudo chmod -v a+wt $LFS/sources
mode of '/mnt/lfs/sources' changed from 0755 (rwxr-xr-x) to 1777 (rwxrwxrwt)

下载软件包列表文件wget-list-sysv

1	wget https://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/view/stable/wget-list-sysv

（可选）替换软件包下载地址为LFS mirror地址

LFS提供了一些mirror，见 https://www.linuxfromscratch.org/mirrors.html#files，网络不好可以设置软件包下载地址为LFS mirror地址。这里使用awk替换wget-list-sysv文件中的url

1	awk -F'/' '{print "https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/lfs/lfs-packages/12.3/" $NF}' wget-list-sysv > replaced-wget-list-sysv

使用wget下载软件包到目录$LFS/sources中

wget --input-file=wget-list-sysv --continue --directory-prefix=$LFS/sources

# 或者
wget --input-file=replaced-wget-list-sysv --continue --directory-prefix=$LFS/sources

下载软件包的md5sums到目录$LFS/sources中

1	wget -P $LFS/sources https://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/view/stable/md5sums

校验软件包，执行以下命令

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pushd $LFS/sources
  md5sum -c md5sums
popd

设置软件包属主为root:root

1	sudo chown root:root $LFS/sources/*

4. Final Preparations

4.2 Creating a Limited Directory Layout in the LFS Filesystem

执行以下命令，在$LFS中创建一些子目录用构建

cat > prepare-dir.sh << "EOF"
#!/bin/bash

echo "LFS dir: $LFS"
mkdir -pv $LFS/{etc,var} $LFS/usr/{bin,lib,sbin}

for i in bin lib sbin; do
  ln -sv usr/$i $LFS/$i
done

case $(uname -m) in
  x86_64) mkdir -pv $LFS/lib64 ;;
esac

mkdir -pv $LFS/tools
EOF

sudo bash -i prepare-dir.sh

4.3 Adding the LFS User

创建用户lfs

1 2	sudo groupadd lfs sudo useradd -s /bin/bash -g lfs -m -k /dev/null lfs

设置用户lfs密码

1	sudo passwd lfs

设置$LFS下目录的属主为新创建的用户lfs

sudo su

chown -v lfs $LFS/{usr{,/*},var,etc,tools}
case $(uname -m) in
  x86_64) chown -v lfs $LFS/lib64 ;;
esac

切换到用户lfs

su - lfs

4.4 Setting Up the Environment

切换到用户lfs，创建bash配置文件.bash_profile

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cat > ~/.bash_profile << "EOF"
exec env -i HOME=$HOME TERM=$TERM PS1='\u:\w\$ ' /bin/bash
EOF

逻辑：当（1）以lfs用户登录系统（2）用su - lfs切换到lfs用户，initial shell是一个login shell，会依次读取/etc/profile和~/.bash_profile。上面的.bash_profile此时会创建一个empty环境，只保HOME、TERM和PS1环境变量，然后切换到non-login shell，去执行~/.bashrc的配置

创建.bashrc

cat > ~/.bashrc << "EOF"
set +h
umask 022
LFS=/mnt/lfs
LC_ALL=POSIX
LFS_TGT=$(uname -m)-lfs-linux-gnu
PATH=/usr/bin
if [ ! -L /bin ]; then PATH=/bin:$PATH; fi
PATH=$LFS/tools/bin:$PATH
CONFIG_SITE=$LFS/usr/share/config.site
export LFS LC_ALL LFS_TGT PATH CONFIG_SITE
EOF

逻辑：如果当前是non-login shell，则会执行~/.bashrc，不执行/etc/profile和~/.bash_profile，因此.bashrc要设置构建需要的环境变量

检查/etc/bash.bashrc是否存在，如果存在则需要将该文件换一个路径。切换到root用户

1	[ ! -e /etc/bash.bashrc ] \|\| mv -v /etc/bash.bashrc /etc/bash.bashrc.NOUSE

设置make的并发环境变量

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cat >> ~/.bashrc << "EOF"
export MAKEFLAGS=-j$(nproc)
EOF

载入bash配置

1	source ~/.bash_profile

检查环境变量设置是否符合预期（每次重启登录lfs用户时都检查下）

lfs:~$ env
PWD=/home/lfs
HOME=/home/lfs
MAKEFLAGS=-j4
TERM=tmux-256color
SHLVL=1
PS1=\u:\w\$
LFS_TGT=x86_64-lfs-linux-gnu
LC_ALL=POSIX
LFS=/mnt/lfs
CONFIG_SITE=/mnt/lfs/usr/share/config.site
PATH=/mnt/lfs/tools/bin:/usr/bin
_=/usr/bin/env

4.5 About SBUs

只是一些构建时间说明

Important Preliminary Material

II. Toolchain Technical Notes

介绍交叉编译基础知识

III. General Compilation Instructions

在实操Chapter 5和Chapter 6内容之前，需要进行环境检查

检查环境变量$LFS是否设置为/mnt/lfs

echo $LFS

切换到lfs用户

su - lfs

5. Compiling a Cross-Toolchain

后续编译需要在$LFS/sources目录中进行

1	cd $LFS/sources/

5.2 Binutils-2.44 - Pass 1

tar -xvf binutils-2.44.tar.xz
cd binutils-2.44
mkdir -v build
cd build

编译

../configure --prefix=$LFS/tools \
             --with-sysroot=$LFS \
             --target=$LFS_TGT   \
             --disable-nls       \
             --enable-gprofng=no \
             --disable-werror    \
             --enable-new-dtags  \
             --enable-default-hash-style=gnu

make
make install

5.3 GCC-14.2.0 - Pass 1

解压gcc源码包

1 2	tar -xvf gcc-14.2.0.tar.xz cd gcc-14.2.0

解压GMP、MPFR和MPC代码到gcc目录中

tar -xf ../mpfr-4.2.1.tar.xz
mv -v mpfr-4.2.1 mpfr
tar -xf ../gmp-6.3.0.tar.xz
mv -v gmp-6.3.0 gmp
tar -xf ../mpc-1.3.1.tar.gz
mv -v mpc-1.3.1 mpc

On x86_64 hosts, set the default directory name for 64-bit libraries to “lib”:

case $(uname -m) in
  x86_64)
    sed -e '/m64=/s/lib64/lib/' \
        -i.orig gcc/config/i386/t-linux64
 ;;
esac

1 2	mkdir -v build cd build

准备gcc编译

../configure                  \
    --target=$LFS_TGT         \
    --prefix=$LFS/tools       \
    --with-glibc-version=2.41 \
    --with-sysroot=$LFS       \
    --with-newlib             \
    --without-headers         \
    --enable-default-pie      \
    --enable-default-ssp      \
    --disable-nls             \
    --disable-shared          \
    --disable-multilib        \
    --disable-threads         \
    --disable-libatomic       \
    --disable-libgomp         \
    --disable-libquadmath     \
    --disable-libssp          \
    --disable-libvtv          \
    --disable-libstdcxx       \
    --enable-languages=c,c++

编译安装gcc

1 2	make make install

拷贝limit.h。当前已在build目录中，需要cd到gcc源码目录

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cd ..
cat gcc/limitx.h gcc/glimits.h gcc/limity.h > \
  `dirname $($LFS_TGT-gcc -print-libgcc-file-name)`/include/limits.h

5.4 Linux-6.13.4 API Headers

解压Linux kernel包

1 2	tar -xvf linux-6.13.4.tar.xz cd linux-6.13.4

预检查。LFS教程这步不太懂在干啥，先执行吧

1	make mrproper

提取kernel headers，拷贝到$LFS/usr

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make headers
find usr/include -type f ! -name '*.h' -delete
cp -rv usr/include $LFS/usr

第二步是删除usr/include除了*.h以外的文件，即只保留头文件

检查$LFS/usr/include/目录是否已经有头文件，有哪些头文件见 5.4.2. Contents of Linux API Headers

5.5 Glibc-2.41

解压Glibc包

1 2	tar -xvf glibc-2.41.tar.xz cd glibc-2.41

创建符号链接

case $(uname -m) in
    i?86)   ln -sfv ld-linux.so.2 $LFS/lib/ld-lsb.so.3
    ;;
    x86_64) ln -sfv ../lib/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 $LFS/lib64
            ln -sfv ../lib/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 $LFS/lib64/ld-lsb-x86-64.so.3
    ;;
esac

打补丁

1	patch -Np1 -i ../glibc-2.41-fhs-1.patch

1 2	mkdir -v build cd build

Ensure that the ldconfig and sln utilities are installed into /usr/sbin

1	echo "rootsbindir=/usr/sbin" > configparms

准备Glibc编译

../configure                             \
      --prefix=/usr                      \
      --host=$LFS_TGT                    \
      --build=$(../scripts/config.guess) \
      --enable-kernel=5.4                \
      --with-headers=$LFS/usr/include    \
      --disable-nscd                     \
      libc_cv_slibdir=/usr/lib

编译

make

安装Glibc

1	make DESTDIR=$LFS install

Fix a hard coded path to the executable loader in the ldd script

1	sed '/RTLDLIST=/s@/usr@@g' -i $LFS/usr/bin/ldd

检查Glibc是否正确安装（必须检查通过）

1 2	echo 'int main(){}' \| $LFS_TGT-gcc -xc - readelf -l a.out \| grep ld-linux

正确安装Glibc，会看到以下输出

1	[Requesting program interpreter: /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2]

删除临时文件a.out

1	rm -v a.out

5.6 Libstdc++ from GCC-14.2.0

因为Libstdc++是gcc一部分，需要重新在gcc源码目录中构建

cd gcc-14.2.0
rm -rfv build
mkdir -v build
cd build

准备Libstdc++编译

../libstdc++-v3/configure           \
    --host=$LFS_TGT                 \
    --build=$(../config.guess)      \
    --prefix=/usr                   \
    --disable-multilib              \
    --disable-nls                   \
    --disable-libstdcxx-pch         \
    --with-gxx-include-dir=/tools/$LFS_TGT/include/c++/14.2.0

编译

make

安装库

确保环境变量$LFS设置正确

1	make DESTDIR=$LFS install

Remove the libtool archive files because they are harmful for cross-compilation

1	rm -v $LFS/usr/lib/lib{stdc++{,exp,fs},supc++}.la

6. Cross Compiling Temporary Tools

后续编译需要在$LFS/sources目录中进行，同时确保当前用户为lfs

1 2	su - lfs cd $LFS/sources/

6.2 M4-1.4.19

解压M4源码包

1 2	tar -xvf m4-1.4.19.tar.xz cd m4-1.4.19

准备M4编译

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./configure --prefix=/usr   \
            --host=$LFS_TGT \
            --build=$(build-aux/config.guess)

编译安装

1 2	make make DESTDIR=$LFS install

6.3 Ncurses-6.5

解压Ncurses源码包

1 2	tar -xvf ncurses-6.5.tar.gz cd ncurses-6.5

构建“tic”程序

mkdir build
pushd build
  ../configure AWK=gawk
  make -C include
  make -C progs tic
popd

准备Ncurses编译

./configure --prefix=/usr                \
            --host=$LFS_TGT              \
            --build=$(./config.guess)    \
            --mandir=/usr/share/man      \
            --with-manpage-format=normal \
            --with-shared                \
            --without-normal             \
            --with-cxx-shared            \
            --without-debug              \
            --without-ada                \
            --disable-stripping          \
            AWK=gawk

编译

make

安装

make DESTDIR=$LFS TIC_PATH=$(pwd)/build/progs/tic install
ln -sv libncursesw.so $LFS/usr/lib/libncurses.so
sed -e 's/^#if.*XOPEN.*$/#if 1/' \
    -i $LFS/usr/include/curses.h

6.4 Bash-5.2.37

解压Bash源码包

1 2	tar -xzvf bash-5.2.37.tar.gz cd bash-5.2.37

准备Bash编译

./configure --prefix=/usr                      \
            --build=$(sh support/config.guess) \
            --host=$LFS_TGT                    \
            --without-bash-malloc

编译安装

1 2	make make DESTDIR=$LFS install

创建sh链接

1	ln -sv bash $LFS/bin/sh

LFS End

完成LFS教程后，需要回滚的操作如下：

4.4节的/etc/bash.bashrc文件还原

袋熊的树洞

Linux From Scratch构建记录